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Dr. Winslow Lewis, 



ON RESIGNING THE PRESIDENCY OF THE 






oston sjumissmatic Jloritfty, 



.3 



JANUARY 5, iTf6;. 



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$ew ¥or>: 

Printed at the office of the American Journal of Numismatics. 

1866. 



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ADDRESS. 



Gentlemen — Brother Members of our Society : 

Although the weak state of my health daring the past year would have 
been a sufficient excuse for my declining to do more, on the present occa- 
sion, than make a very few remarks on the state of our Society, many 
reasons, and chief amongst them, the desire felt by me for its increased 
prosperity and progress in a sound and legitimate direction, disincline me to 
avail myself of that excuse, or to shrink from the performance of any duty 
so long as I retain any power of performing it. 

Probably to the minds of some of my younger brethren, the Horatian 
warning may present itself: 

" Solve senescent em mature sanus equum, ne 
Peccet ad extremum ridendus et ilia ducat" 

I am by no means insensible of the force and value of that warning; on 
the contrary it is, I assure you, with very much of diffidence and hesita- 
tion that I enter on my task of throwing out some suggestions for the 
guidance of those whose powers are so much fresher and more vigorous 
than my own, yet on the other hand, it will not, I trust, appear a prompt- 



Address of 



ing of presumption, if I acknowledge the consciousness of feeling, that 
what loss of vigor may have been produced by advancing years, has been, 
to some extent, compensated by experience, especially in those studies and 
pursuits which have formed the chief relaxation and delight of my later 
years; and while, neither in dignity, nor sweetly-flowing eloquence, nor 
indeed in age itself, can I or would I compare myself to that aged monarch 
of the Iliad, the " eloquent orator of the Pylians," yet this advantage does, 
I believe, accrue from years, that younger and more impetuous brethren, 
will, at least, accept kindly and listen considerately to the words of their 
more aged Brother and Friend. 

It is my duty firstly, to make a very brief statement concerning what w T e, 
as a Numismatic Society, have accomplished up to this time, and what has 
been done by others in the United States, whether as individuals or asso- 
ciates. 

Our Association dates from i860, when a few individuals, who had for 
a considerable time been interested in the subj.ect, united in the formation 
of the " Boston Numismatic Society." Their object was, by an associated 
zeal, to improve themselves in the very interesting pursuit of a study which 
might not only increase their own knowledge of coins and medals, but 
enable them to diffuse such information as might be valuable to others en- 
gaged in such pursuits elsewhere. The Society have met since that period 
regularly once a month, generally on the first Thursday. I need not say 
that these meetings have been very pleasant in their social aspect and full 
of interest. Rare and valuable coins have been exhibited at every meeting, 
and papers read of great value to the Numismatic inquirer, and quite a 
cabinet has been created, either by donations of the members or by friends 
of the Society. 



Dr. Winslow Lewis. 5 



The earliest collector among our number is Mr. William G. Stearns, of 
Cambridge, the present Steward of Harvard University. He was the first 
gentleman who devoted himself to the formation of a somewhat extended 
cabinet of coins and medals. The next are Mr. Colburn and Mr. Daven- 
port, gentlemen of great information as Numismatists, and who have done 
much towards the advancement of the science and of our Society. There are 
also several of our members whose collections are large and very choice. 

Of Mr. Appleton's collection we can safely say that it is second to none 
in this country, except, perhaps, that of Mr. Mickley. Mr. Appleton's 
takes a wider range, embracing, as it does, numerous specimens of every 
country. His collection of ancient Greek and Roman coins is quite large, 
and contains fine specimens of great rarity. His American Series contains 
very many of the rarest of our coins and medals, in particular the Massa- 
chusetts Pine Tree Copper of 1776, the only specimen known, and also 
the New England IlI'd of 1652, which was unknown to collectors except 
through its mention by Folkes, until the discovery of the specimen in the 
Cabinet of the College at New Haven. Mr. Appleton's is the only other 
known. 

Mr. Seavey's contains a complete series of the gold coinage of the United 
States Mint, consisting of line specimens of every date and variety ever 
coined. His collection of pattern pieces is complete. 

Judge Putnam's Series of American coins is full and very fine. His 
English Series contains many rare and valuable pieces. 

The collection of medals by Mr. Wheeler is probably the largest in this 
country, principally from the French Mint. 

Mr. Fowles' collection of Greek coins and foreign medals is quite exten- 
sive and valuable. 



Address of 



The collection of Papal medals belonging to your President is thought 
to be the most complete in this country. 

There are now kindred Associations in Philadelphia, Providence, and 
New York. The principal authors in this country on Numismatics are 
Eckfelt and DuBois, Hickcox, Prime, Snowden, Felt, Dickeson, and Bush- 
nell. The first Mint Master appointed on this continent was John Hull, 
and the first building for the manufacture of coin was in this city. It was 
ordered to be made of wood, to be 16 feet square and 10 feet high, and 
certainly, as Felt observes, it did not deserve the rebuke of an adage com- 
mon to that day, " Twelve pence laid out on the purse, and only sixpence 
in it." 

As an Association we have endeavored to publicly caution collectors 
against the unjustifiable practice, now too palpably resorted to, of issuing 
fac-similes of rare coins and medals. Of the Funeral Gold Medal of 
Washington^ we are cognizant at least of two struck recently in New York, 
and we know, also, that the rare half cent of 1796, which has brought $96, 
has been imitated and the counterfeit circulated. 

So much, gentlemen, for our own " res gestae" and position thus far ; 
and now I shall proceed to consider, as concisely as I can, those points of 
the history, science, and uses of Numismatics, which seem to me more 
particularly worthy of our careful consideration, if we desire and hope — 
as assuredly we all alike do — to raise this Society of ours to that position 
of dignity, prosperity, and power, of which I believe it to be, if properly 
conducted, eminently worthy. 

The Science of Numismatics treats both of coined money and of medals, 
and the nature, devices and execution of the different denominations of 
coins, their reciprocal relations, and the laws regulating them. As " money" 



Dr. Winslow Lewis. 



— coined money y or gold, I mean, — occupies so powerful and prominent a 
place in our arfairs in our daily life just now, that almost the first thing 
looked for in the evening paper is the price of gold, a few words as to 
the origin of " money may not be altogether out of place. As to the pre- 
cise time at which the precious metals first came into use as a circulating 
medium, nothing can now be clearly ascertained, except that it must hftve 
been at a period of great antiquity, (as to paper substitutes, we know much 
more, but in this, as in other things, increased knowledge is not a synonym 
for increased happiness). The earliest purchase of land on record, I believe, 
is thus related: "And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron ; and Abraham 
weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the 
sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money of the mer- 
chant." (Gen., xxiii, 16.) The use of bullion, whether of gold or silver, 
was a vast improvement on the old practice of bartering cattle, which ex- 
isted in the heroic ages : but it was still attended with serious inconvenience 
especially in regard to the tedious process of weighing and assaying. It was 
to obviate this inconvenience, that gold and silver were eventually coined — 
that is, marked with a stamp, which attested both the quality and quantity, 
or value of the piece of metal ; and then, finally, as a protection against 
the frauds which private persons might be led to commit, the coining of 
money was made an exclusive privilege of the government. 

In Persia, gold was coined at a very early period, as is proved by the 
very early mention of the Darics, or sovereigns, which were so called from 
being stamped with the portrait of the Darius or king, then reigning. We 
also know that "sovereigns," to use the English term, of a similar kind 
were circulated by the Macedonians, under the name of Philiippi, as having 
been first made in the reign of Philip II., father of Alexander the Great. 



Address of 



In those ancient gold coins, the proportion of alloy is much smaller than 
that which the gold coins and trinkets of the present day contain. Then 
this proportion was only about one fiftieth, whereas now it is never less 
than one twelfth. There are few, even of partly savage nations now, that 
have not a coinage of their own. The number of coins and medals, of 
which specimens are extant, is upwards of 200,000 ; and it is only a natu- 
ral consequence, that so vast and long a train of metallic documents should 
show no little light on history: and this is the main value of our science, 
though not, I grant, the only one. This the Numismatic student should 
always bear carefully in mind, as he should also the mode in which coins 
illustrate history. This mode is chiefly confirmatory and corroborative, espe- 
cially as to chronology, at least as regards the more ancient coins. On this 
point I will cite a brief extract from the able article on Numismatics in the 
Encyclopaedia Britannica, an article doubtless familiar to most of you, and 
whose perusal I would strongly urge upon all who are interested in the 
subject. " The value of the corroborative evidence afforded by coins must 
not be overlooked. It chiefly relates to chronology, although it also adds 
to our knowledge of the pedigree of royal houses. But perhaps the most 
interesting manner in which coins and medals illustrate history, is in their 
bearing contemporary, or nearly contemporary, portraits of the most famous 
kings and captains, from the time of the first successors of Alexander the 
Great to the present age ; whereas pictures do not afford portraits in any 
number before the later period of the middle ages; and works of sculpture, 
although occupying in this respect the same place as coins in the last men- 
tioned and under the Roman empire, are neither so. numerous nor so 
authentic. There is no more delightful companion in historical reading 
than a cabinet of coins and medals : when we know the features of Alex- 



Dr. Win slow Lewis. 



ander, Mithridates, of Julius Caesar and Augustus, of the Antonines and 
Severus, we can more readily take ourselves back to the times in which 
they lived, and see a real interest in their stories. Our belief in the truth 
of history is confirmed by the qualities we can perceive in their portraits. 
The strength and energy of Alexander, the brilliant genius of Mithridates, 
the philosophic calmness of Antoninus, the obstinate ferocity of Nero, and 
the brutality of Caracalla, are as plain on their coins as in the pages of his- 
tory. The numismatic portraits of the time following the founding of 
Constantinople, have less individuality, bur after the revival of art, they 
recover that quality and maintain it to our day, although executed in a very 
different style from those of antiquity. From this last class we can form a 
series of portraits more complete, and not less interesting, than that of the 
ancient period." 

Nor is it upon history alone that our science throws this illumining and 
illustrating light. It is to the same source that we are, in no small degree, 
indebted for our knowledge of the religious ideas or belief of the ancients, 
particularly the Greeks, in regard to whose mythology the more ancient 
coins afford us very valuable evidence. 

The same remark applies to Geography, in which most important in- 
formation as to position of towns, their inhabitants, trade, &c, has been 
acquired almost entirely from coins. That noble art also, of which coin- 
engraving is itself the child — Sculpture — is illustrated in an eminent degree 
by this our science, not only in the preservation of the memory of lost 
statues, but also in the very high degree of engraving or sculpture art-excel- 
lence exhibited on many of the ancient coins themselves. 

From these very brief remarks, in which I have glanced at the " summa 
fastigia rerum" — "the chief heads of a story," it is plain that manv, if not 



io Address of 



most, departments of Ancient Literature must be indebted for their illus- 
tration to Numismatic Science. History, Geography, Mythology, Art, 
Poetry, must all gratefully acknowledge this obligation. If you wish any 
further evidence of this, let me refer you to those valuable Dictionaries by 
Dr. Smith of London, which have proved such valuable auxiliaries to clas- 
sical and antiquarian students during the last twenty years, more particularly 
in the first three subjects named, and the last, — the Dictionaries of Antiqi- 
ties, of Mythology, and of Geography, — and as to Poetry, let me further 
refer you to the beautifully illustrated editions of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, &c, 
that have emanated during about the same period from the Oxford and 
Cambridge University presses, and have generally appeared, soon after- 
wards, on the tables of our fellow-citizens, Little, Brown & Co. A vast 
number of the illustrations in each and all of these cases, have been taken, 
you will find, from coins or medallions. 

I find something that I desire to say further in regard to the uses of this 
science, and the mode in which it ought to be, and indeed can alone be, ad- 
vantageously and legitimately pursued, so well and fully expressed in another 
passage in the article previously cited from, that I fear I cannot do better 
than give its words in preference to my own : 

" It cannot, however, be said that the actual condition of the science jus- 
tifies great expectations. We shall best perceive this if we enquire what 
objects it has to fulfill. Besides its bearing upon the History, the Religion, 
the Manners, and the Arts of the nations which have used money, the 
science of Numismatics has, from its relation to Art, a special modern use. 
Not only do coins display the various styles of art prevalent at different 
ages, but, in doing so, they supply us with abundant means for promoting 
the advancement of Art among ourselves. If the study of many schools be 



Dr. Winslow Lewis. ii 

at all times of advantage, it is especially so when there is little originality 
in the world. Coins and medals have, therefore, two main uses ; the one 
relating to the illustration of history, and the other to the promotion of 
Art. It is not," (I ask your special attention, brethren, to this part of the 
passage, as embodying precisely the same suggestion and warning I would 
earnestly seek to impress upon our younger members, — nay, rather upon 
all Numismatic students, for we are all too apt to fall into the same error), 
" it is not for these purposes the collections are usually founded. It is in 
vain to point to high prices now paid for rare coins, if that rarity be not 
always accompanied by some marked historical or artistic importance. Surely 
we must fear the decadence of this science, if its votaries, leaving its im- 
portant teachings and objects, are seen to lavish wealth in the almost worth- 
less pursuit of making collections, the possession of which will not engender 
a valuable idea, nor add one iota to our knowledge. Are we not somewhat 
degenerate at this present time, in our Numismatic pursuits ? Will the 
possession of fifty or sixty cents, from their first coinage to this year, a 
series not certainly strikingly artistic nor elegantly suggestive, be called a 
lofty pursuit? LeUus hope for better days in this respect ; and meantime let 
us preserve all that is historically valuable, and do all we can to discourage 
the folly of collecting worthless pieces of metal, whose sole value is in their 
scarcity, and on which so much time and money have been expended during 
the last several years." — " Prime," Coins, Medals, and Seals, Preface. 

"Very few among the collectors think of anything beyond the rarity or 
beauty of a coin, and of the latter they frequently judge by a vicious stand- 
ard. So little have the coins themselves been thoroughly studied, even by 
professed Numismatists, that few of them have formed an opinion as to 
the different denominations to which many of the most common specimens 



Address of 



correspond. The study of ancient coins, and that of ancient systems of coin- 
age, have been more and more separated. There is also much reason to 
complain of the comparative neglect of various branches of Numismatics. 
Until equal attention be paid to all, the condition of the science cannot be 
called sound. Why, for instance, while the Roman money is eagerly col- 
lected and studied, is the Byzantine series, its proper continuation, and one 
of the most important portions of the mediaeval class, generally treated with 
contemptuous neglect ? 

" Numismatics, thus superficially and partially pursued, demands the 
least labor, and affords no result of importance, except the negative one of 
bringing into disrepute one of the most valuable aids to historical inquiry." 

If any feeble word of mind could add even a feather's weight to the 
force of the above remarks, I would most emphatically commend them to 
your careful consideration, and especially in regard to these points : — ist, 
Let not mere variety lead away the collector of coins, but let him ever have 
a special regard to their historical or artistic values ; 2d, Let each young 
Numismatist endeavor to gain a fair knowledge of the principles of the sci- 
ence, before he enter upon the practice of it, and this he can readily obtain 
in such works as those of Humphreys, Akerman, Hawkins, and the more 
recondite productions of Mionnet, Spanheim, Bizot, and others, and also 
in the article from which I have made two quotations ; 3d. Let him avoid 
every temptation to a mere partial, one-sided study of some one corner, but 
let him aim, both for his own sake and for the honor of the science to 
which he professes his devotion, at a scholarly and catholic, that is thorough 
study of the whole field. Thus will he be helping, pro virile parte, to re- 
move from our science the stigma too justly attached to it by the British 
Encyclopedist. 



Dr. Winslow Lewis. 13 

I feel I have only entered on the threshold of what I desired to say to 
you on many topics, and yet that I have already trespassed too far upon 
your time and attention ; to one topic that has dwelt much on my mind of 
late, however, I must and will (with your permission) briefly allude. 

In the illustrations of Ancient History, to which reference has been made, 
we find numerous coins representing many of the great battles and illustri- 
ous conquerors of antiquity. America this day is living and acting a greater, 
grander, and more terrible and tremendous war-history, than ever was en- 
acted by ancient Persia, Greece, or Rome. Both amongst our dead and 
living leaders of armies are men who well deserve to rank with the Alex- 
anders, the Caesars, the Scipios, of those olden times; would it not then be 
a most just and graceful tribute to the heroic and patriotic valor and skill 
of these our brave fellow-countrymen, to commemorate, by a series of medals, 
some of the more illustrious scenes of the war, as well as the more promi- 
nent acton in them? Would it not also give a stimulus to an art which, it 
is feared, has fallen into a state of languor and decay? 



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